Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the ratio of albumin and globulin in blood. A/G ratio can help to indicate whether the globulin is underproduction or overproduction and this result is essential for the diagnosis of diseases. A highA/G ratio might be due to cancer and genetic deficiencies. A low A/G ratio might be due to immune disorder and liver disease.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Total hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc) can be detected shortly before the symptoms appear during acute hepatitis B infection and can last for a lifetime. A positive test result indicates an ongoing or previous hepatitis B virus infection.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Hepatitis C antibody test, which is also called Anti-HCV test is used to detect HCV antibodies in the blood. A negative test result indicates that a person is not infected with the HCV. A positive test result indicates an ongoing or previous hepatitis C virus infection. Further tests are needed to check for hepatitis C in the blood.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: A positive Anti-HBs result indicates that a person is immune to Hepatitis B virus infection. The person is not infected and cannot spread the virus to another person. The presence of Anti-HBs usually indicates that the patient has recovered from the past infection or gained immunity against hepatitis B virus infection by receiving vaccination.
Specimen type: Whole blood
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to determine the blood type (Type A, B, AB and O) of the sample. This test involved the mixing of blood samples against type A and type B antibodies. Agglutination is observed to determine the blood type of the sample.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker test is used to measure the level of AFP in the blood. AFP is produced during regeneration of liver cells. Normally, a healthy adult should have only a small amount of AFP in the blood. High AFP level usually points to liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis or some type of cancer including liver, ovarian or testicular cancer.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to detect the presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) antibodies in blood and it is able to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV is a virus that disrupts our immune system through attacking the immune cells. A positive result indicates the presence of HIV antibodies in blood while a negative result indicates the absence of HIV antibodies.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of albumin in blood. Albumin is a protein that is produced by the liver and it helps to maintain the fluid flow between bloodstream and tissues in our body. Highalbumin level might be due to dehydration status. Low albumin level might be due to liver disease and malnutrition.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-hCG) test measures the level of b-hCG hormone in the blood. b-hCG is a hormone produced by placenta during pregnancy. A positive b-hCG result indicates that the woman is pregnant. A negative result indicates that the woman is not pregnant.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of basophils in blood. Basophils are essential in fighting against infection. High basophil level might be due to autoimmune disease, endocrine disorder and cancer. Lowbasophil level might be due to endocrine disorder, allergy and infection.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: The normal range of red blood cells in the urine is 4 red blood cells per high power field (RBC/HPF) or less when examined under microscope. Abnormal range of RBC in the urine can be caused by urinary tract infections, kidney infections, bladder or kidney stones, enlarged prostate, rhabdomyolysis, haemophilia, and cancer such as advanced stage of kidney, prostate or bladder cancer.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) test measures the level of CA125 in the blood. High CA125 level is usually a sign of ovarian cancer. However, CA125 level can rise in other cancers as well, for example, uterine, pancreatic, breast, stomach and lung cancer. Some non-cancerous conditions such as menstruation, pregnancy, uterine fibroids, endometriosis and liver diseases may also result in elevated CA125 levels.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of calcium in blood. Calcium is important in regulating the activity of muscles, nerves and heart. High calcium level might be due to endocrine disorder, medication and a high calcium diet. Low calcium level might be due to kidney disease, malnutrition and endocrine disorder.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Carcinoembryonic Antigen Test (CEA) is used to measure the level of CEA in the blood. High AFP level may point to colon, rectum, thyroid, breast, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic or prostate cancer. Besides cancer, some other reasons that may also contribute to elevated CEA level include infection, cirrhosis, chronic smoking, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), non cancerous breast disease, and emphysema.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of creatinine in blood. Creatinine is one of the waste materials that will be eliminated from our body. The abnormal creatinine level might be due to bacteria infection, diabetes, pregnancy and high meat diet.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of chloride in blood. Chloride is responsible for regulating fluid and pH balance. High chloride level might be due to kidney disease, dehydration and metabolic disorder. Low chloride level might be due to metabolic disorder, endocrine disorder and dehydration.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Cancer antigen 153 (CA153) test measures the level of CA153 in the blood. High CA153 level is usually a sign of breast cancer. CA153 level can also rise in other cancers, for example, lung, pancreas, ovary and prostate cancer, but the level may not increase as high as breast cancer. Non-cancerous conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, liver disease and pregnancy can result in elevated CA153 levels.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: CA199 (cancer antigen 19-9) test measures the level of CA199 in the blood. Normally, a healthy adult should have only a small amount of CA199 in the blood. High CA199 level is usually a sign of pancreatic cancer. The test is done to monitor the progress of pancreatic cancer and how well the patient responds to the treatment. Besides pancreatic cancer, elevated CA199 level may also point to some other type of cancer such as liver, bile duct, lung, breast, uterine and ovarian or some non-cancerous conditions including hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis, gallstones, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the estimated rate of blood filtered by the kidney. It can reflect the metabolic status and the health of the kidney. eFGR can be calculated after determining the level of creatinine. The decrease of eGFR indicates the decrease of kidney function.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of eosinophils in blood. Eosinophils are essential in fighting against infection and allergic response. High level of eosinophils might be due to allergy, infection and cancer. Low level of eosinophils might be due to alcohol abuse and elevated cortisol level in blood.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the time taken for red blood cells to settle at the bottom of the test tube. This test is essential in determining inflammation in our body. High ESR might be due to infection, injury and cancer. Low ESR might be due to anaemia and cancer.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to detect the presence of EBV antibodies. EBV is a gamma herpes virus that only infect humans. A positive result indicates the presence of EBV antibodies in blood while a negative result indicates the absence of EBV antibodies.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Free triiodothyonine (FT3) test measures the level of FT3 in the blood. FT3 is the free form of T3 hormone, one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland. High FT3 level may indicate hyperthyroidism, which can be caused by Graves’ disease, Plummer’s disease and thyroiditis. Low FT3 levels may indicate hypothyroidism, which can be caused by several conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease, surgical removal of the thyroid, and radiation treatment.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Free thyroxine (FT4) test measures the level of FT4 in the blood. FT4 is the free form of T4 hormone, one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland. High FT4 level may indicate hyperthyroidism, which can be caused by Graves’ disease, Plummer’s disease and thyroiditis. Low FT4 levels may indicate hypothyroidism, which can be caused by several conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease, surgical removal of the thyroid, and radiation treatment.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Ferritin is a blood protein which consists of iron. Ferritin test is done to measure the level of iron stored in your body. A low blood ferritin level indicates that a person has iron deficiency, which can lead to anaemia. A high blood ferritin level may point to liver diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, alcohol abuse or hemochromatosis. Certain cancers can also raise blood ferritin level.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of globulin in blood. Globulin is essential for liver function, immune system and blood clotting. High globulin level might be due to cancer, inflammatory disease and immune disorder. Low globulin level might be due to liver disease and malnutrition.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of GGT in blood. GGT is mainly found in the liver and it may be released to the bloodstream when the cells are damaged. High GGT might be due to liver damage, alcohol abuse and medication.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Normal glucose level in the urine ranges from 0 to 0.8 mmol/l (0 to 15 mg/dL). Glucose level higher than the normal level is defined by glycosuria, which is primarily caused by high blood sugar level due to diabetes or chronic kidney diseases, the inability of the kidneys to efficiently filter the glucose out due to severe infections, diabetic nephropathy or genetic conditions.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of glucose in blood. Glucose is one of the essential nutrients that serve as the main source of energy for our body. High glucose level might be due to kidney disease and endocrine disorder. Low glucose level might be due to liver disease, endocrine disorder and medication.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of HDL- cholesterol in blood. HDL-cholesterol responsible for the removal of lipids from our body. Low HDL-cholesterol is associated with increased risk for heart disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of haemoglobin in blood. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that help to carry oxygen throughout our body. High haemoglobin level might be due to heart disease, lung disease and cancer. Low haemoglobin level might be due to malnutrition, anaemia, liver disease and cancer.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: A positive HBeAg result indicates that a person is currently having active hepatitis B infection. The hepatitis B virus is actively multiplying and the risk of virus transmission through contact with blood of infected patients is high. The levels of HBeAg will drop to the point that they are no longer detectable when seroconversion occurs, usually in people with chronic hepatitis B infection. This indicates an effective treatment and the person is in the recovery process.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: A positive HBsAg result indicates the presence of hepatitis B virus in the blood. The patient is currently infected and the hepatitis B virus can be spread to another person through blood. HBsAg can be detected during acute and chronic hepatitis B infection.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Anti-HBe can be detected shortly after the HBeAg disappears. A positive test result indicates low virus activity and the risk of virus transmission is low.This shows that the treatment is effective and the person is in the recovery process. A negative test result may indicate a recent and active hepatitis B virus infection.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of glucose that binds to haemoglobin in blood. This test can help to estimate the life span of red blood cells in our body. HbA1c can be used for the diagnosis of diabetes.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Helicobacter Pylori blood test measures antibodies against H. pylori in the blood. H. Pyloriis a type of bacteria that can cause infection in the stomach or duodenum. A negative result indicates that the person does not have H. pylori infection. A positive result indicates current or past H. Pylori infection. Although most people do not develop symptoms after the infection, it may still result in stomach ulcers and sometimes stomach cancer in some people. H. Pylori can be transmitted from person to person through direct contact with saliva or body fluids of an infected person. People can also get H. Pylori infection by consuming contaminated food and water.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: AIDS is caused by 2 forms of HIV, which are HIV-type I (HIV-I) and HIV-type II (HIV-2). HIV-1 is more common than HIV-II. HIV-II infection is primarily found in West Africa. A negative HIV-1/-II antigens and antibodies test indicates that antibodies were undetectable in the blood and the person may not have HIV infection. However, the earliest stage of HIV infection might not be detected using this test as HIV antibodies can usually be detected 6-12 weeks after the virus infection. A positive HIV-1/-II antigens and antibodies test indicates that antibodies were detectable in the blood and the person may have HIV-I/-II infection.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of hs-CRP in blood. This test is able to detect slight increases of CRP level which indicate the occurrence of inflammation in our body. High hs-CRP might be due to inflammation, infection, injury and chronic disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of iron in blood. Iron is one of the nutrients that is essential for the organ health and production of red blood cells. High iron level might indicate genetic disorders. Low iron level might be due to anaemia.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to determine the ratio of iron saturation % and transferrin saturation %. This test is essential in determining the level of iron in blood. High iron saturation % might be due to anaemia, genetic disorder and iron poisoning. Low iron saturation % might be due to iron deficiency.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Ketone level in the urine is classified into 3 categories, which are small: <20 mg/dL, moderate: 30 to 40 mg/dL and large: >80 mg/dL. Abnormal ketone level in the urine can be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation or fasting, high protein low carbohydrate diet, hyperthyroidism, high fever, chronic vomiting or diarrhoea.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of LDL-cholesterol in blood. LDL-cholesterol can cause the accumulation of lipids within the wall of blood vessels. Hence, resulting in the blockage of blood vessels. HighLDL-cholesterol is associated with higher risk of heart disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of lymphocytes in blood. Lymphocytes are essential in protecting our body from pathogens. High level of lymphocytes might be due to infection and inflammation. Low level of lymphocytes might be due to infection, autoimmune disease and cancer.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the average size of red blood cells in blood. The size of red blood cells is essential in determining our health condition. High MCV might be due to malnutrition, endocrine disorder and liver disease. Low MCV might be due to anaemia or thalassemia.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell. The amount of haemoglobin in red blood cells is essential in determining our health condition. High MCH might be due to anaemia and a high cholesterol diet. Low MCH might be due to anaemia.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the size, volume and level of haemoglobin of red blood cells. This test is essential in determining our health condition. High MCHC might be due to anaemia and genetic disorders. LowMCHC might be due to anaemia and thalassemia.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of monocytes in blood. Monocytes are essential in fighting against disease and infection. High level of monocytes might be due to chronic infection and autoimmune disease. Low level of monocytes might be due to bone marrow disorder.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of neutrophils in blood. Neutrophils are essential in protecting our body from pathogens. High level of neutrophils might be due to infection, injury and cancer. Low level of neutrophils might be due to allergy, chronic infection and autoimmune disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the average size of red blood cells in blood. The size of red blood cells is essential in determining our health condition. High MCV might be due to malnutrition, endocrine disorder and liver disease. Low MCV might be due to anaemia or thalassemia.
Specimen type: Blood serum (stop certain medication prior the test)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of phosphate in blood. Phophorus is one of the minerals that is required to strengthen our bones and teeths. It can also reflect the health of the kidney. Highphosphorus level might be due to kidney disease, endocrine disorder and diabetes. Low phosphorus level might be due to malnutrition, endocrine disorder and alcohol abuse.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of platelets in blood. Platelets are important for blood clotting. High platelet level might be due to infection, anaemia and cancer. Low platelet level might be due to malnutrition, autoimmune disease, infection and cancer.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of potassium in blood. Potassium is responsible for regulating muscles and nerves activity. High potassium level might be due to medication, injury and kidney disease. Low potassium level might be due to alcohol abuse, endocrine disorder and dehydration.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Normal value of protein excretion is less than 80mg per 24 hours. The presence of high amounts of protein in the urine sample can be caused by kidney stones, inflammation, heart failure, urinary tract infection, bladder tumour, kidney disorders, dehydration, preeclampsia, amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, and intravascular hemolysis.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) test measures the level of PTH in the blood. PTH is made by parathyroid glands in the neck and plays a major role in regulating calcium level in the blood. Parathyroid glands release PTH into the blood when the level of calcium is too low and stop producing PTH when the level of calcium is too high. A high PTH level may indicate hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much of PTH or vitamin D deficiency. A low PTH level may indicate hypoparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too little of PTH or vitamin D/ calcium overdose.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of rheumatoid factor in blood. Rheumatoid factor is the protein that is produced by our immune system that attacks healthy cells in our body. The presence of RF might be due to rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease and cancer.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the difference between the volume and size of red blood cells in blood. The abnormal result of RDW can be used for diagnosis of disease in combination with the result of other tests.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of ALP in blood. ALP is mostly found in organs such as the liver and kidney. Then, it may be released to the bloodstream when the cells are damaged. High ALP might be due to liver damage and bone disorder. Low ALP might be due to malnutrition and genetic disease.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Urine specific gravity (SG) is the measure of solute concentration in the urine. High SG indicates the urine concentration is too high which can be caused by dehydration or kidney problems such as the failure of adrenal glands to produce enough hormone, narrowing of kidney arteries or high sodium level in the blood. Low SG indicates the urine concentration is too low, which can be caused by drinking too much water, diabetes insipidus, kidney failure, severe kidney infections, heart failure or low sodium level in the blood.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of sodium in blood. Sodium is responsible for regulating the fluid level and electrolyte balance of our body. High sodium level might be due to kidney disorder, diabetes and endocrine disorder. Low sodium level might be due to chronic kidney disease, malnutrition and dehydration.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) test is used to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum, a bacteria that causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. A negative test result indicates the absence of Treponema pallidum antibodies and the person may not have syphilis infection. However, false negative results may be obtained in patients in early or late stage infection as the body may not develop antibodies against the bacteria during these stages. A positive test result indicates the presence of Treponema pallidum antibodies and the person may have syphilis infection. A false-positive TPHA can also be obtained if the patient is having infectious mononucleosis, leprosy, and connective tissue disorders. Therefore, further tests are required to confirm the result.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of AST in blood. AST can be found in organs such as the liver and muscles. Then, it may be released to the bloodstream when the cell is damaged. High AST level might be due to liver damage or other disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of ALT in blood. ALT is mostly found in the liver and it may be released to the bloodstream when the cell is damaged. High ALT indicates liver damage.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to calculate the ratio between total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. The ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol is essential for the prediction of the risk of heart disease. High total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio indicates a higher risk of heart disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to determine the portion of transferrin that is binded with the iron in blood. Transferrin is the protein that is responsible for the transportation of iron throughout our body. High TIBC indicates iron deficiency. Low TIBC might be due to anaemia and genetic disorder.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to determine the amount of transferrin in blood. Transferrin is the protein that is responsible for the transportation of iron throughout our body. High transferrin level might be due to iron deficiency. Low transferrin level might be due to genetic disorder, kidney damage and liver damage.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount for all types of protein in blood. Protein is an essential nutrient for the health and growth of our cells. High total protein level might be due to liver disease, cancer and dehydration. Low total protein level might be due to metabolic disorder and liver malfunction.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of white blood cells in blood. White blood cells are essential in protecting our body from pathogens. High total WBC might be due to infection, inflammation and allergy. Low total WBC might be due to bone marrow disorder, cancer and autoimmune disease.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of bilirubin in blood. Bilirubin is the waste product produced by the degradation of red blood cells. High bilirubin level might be due to liver malfunction.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of total cholesterol in blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that helps to maintain the health of our cells. High total cholesterol might be due to a high lipid diet and associated with higher risk for heart disease. Low total cholesterol might be due to malnutrition.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is produced by both normal and cancer cells of the prostate gland. High PSA level is usually a sign of prostate cancer. Other than prostate cancer, some non-cancerous conditions such as enlargement or inflammation of the prostate may also result in elevated PSA level.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) test measures the level of TSH in the blood. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. TSH stimulates the production of T3 and T4 hormones, two of the major thyroid hormones. Pituitary gland makes more TSH when the level of thyroid hormone is low and makes less TSH when the level of thyroid hormone is high. High TSH levels may indicate hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Low TSH levels may indicate hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid produces too much of thyroid hormone.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of triglycerides in blood. Triglycerides is a type of fats that serves as one of the energy sources in our body. High triglycerides might be due to medication, endocrine disorder and metabolic disorder.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of red blood cells in blood. Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transportation throughout our body. High level of red blood cells might be due to dehydration, heart disease and cancer. Low level of red blood cells might be due to anaemia, malnutrition and cancer.
Specimen type: Whole blood (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to determine the portion of transferrin that has not bind with the iron in blood. Transferrin is the protein that is responsible for the transportation of iron throughout our body. High UIBC indicates iron deficiency. Low UIBC might be due to anaemia, genetic disorder and iron poisoning.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is not required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the amount of urea in blood. Urea is one of the waste materials that will be eliminated from our body. High urea level might be due to dehydration, high protein diet, medication and kidney malfunction.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation:
Colourless/ pale yellow: Normal
Dark yellow: Dehydration
Green: Green urine can be caused by pseudomonas infection or drugs such as propofol, cimetidine, metoclopromide, promethazine, amitriptyline, indomethacin and flutamide. Ingestion of food dye can also turn urine green.
Blue: Blue urine can be caused by the presence of dyes used for kidney and bladder function tests. Diseases such as familial benign hypercalcemia and the use of certain drugs can also turn urine blue.
Orange: Drugs such as sulfasalazine, phenazopyridine, and certain chemotherapy drugs can turn urine orange. People with liver or bile duct disorders can have orange urine.
Red/ pink: Red or pink urine indicates the presence of blood in the urine which can be caused by urinary tract infection, tumours or kidney and bladder stones. Ingestion of food such as beets, blackberries and rhubarb and drugs such as Rifampin can turn urine red.
Dark brown: Dark brown urine usually indicates liver, kidney diseases or urinary tract infections. Consumption of food such as fava beans, rhubarb or aloe and the use of medications such as chloroquine, primaquine, metronidazole and nitrofurantoin can turn urine brown.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Normal urine pH ranges from 4.5-8. Urine with pH higher than 8 is considered as alkaline whereas urine with pH under 6 is considered as acidic. Alkaline urine can be caused by kidney failure, urinary tract infection, gastric suction and vomiting. Acidic urine can be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhoea and starvation. Kidney stones can be formed if the pH drops below 5.5.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Normal urine is transparent. Cloudy urine can indicate the presence of alkaline in the urine. Consumption of low-PRAL diet, which is the diet rich in fruits and vegetables with limited intake of meats, cheese and grains, can increase the alkaline level in our body. Diseases such as diabetes, urinary tract infections, kidney diseases or preeclampsia can make urine cloudy. Cloudy urine is also one of the symptoms of sexually transmitted disease or a sexually transmitted infection.
Specimen type: Urine
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Urobilinogen is a byproduct of bilirubin reduction. Bilirubin is the yellowish substance in the liver that is produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. Normal urine consists of a certain amount of urobilinogen. High levels of urobilinogen may indicate hemolytic anaemia, liver diseases, for example, hepatitis and cirrhosis or malaria. Low levels of urobilinogen may indicate reduced bile flow caused by liver failure such as the blockage of bile duct, severe infections or pancreatic cancer.
Specimen type: Blood serum (fasting is required)
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to measure the level of uric acid in blood. Uric acid is one of the waste materials that will be eliminated from our body. High uric acid level might be due to lead poisoning, kidney malfunction, metabolic disorder and endocrine disorder. Low uric acid level might be due to medication, low purine diet and metabolic disorder.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: Vitamin D blood test measures the level of 25(OH)D (25 hydroxyvitamin D) in the blood. Vitamin D is an important nutrient in maintaining healthy teeth and bones and taking part in controlling calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
A low vitamin D level is usually a sign of vitamin D deficiency, which can be caused by not getting enough vitamin D from sunlight and diet or poor vitamin D absorption. A high vitamin D level may be resulted from taking too much vitamin D, usually from supplements.
Specimen type: Blood serum
Turnaround time: 24 hours
Result interpretation: This test aims to detect the presence of syphilis antibodies. Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum through sexual transmission. A positive result indicates the presence of syphilis antibodies in blood while a negative result indicates the absence of syphilis antibodies.